Side effects may initially be reduced by gradually increasing the dose until therapeutic concentrations are achieved.The most frequent side effects are headache, nausea and vomiting, increased acid secretion, and gastroesophageal reflux, which may be explained by PDE inhibition. Inhalation of theophylline is irritating and ineffective (Slow-release theophylline preparations are less expensive than LABA as an add-on therapy, although less effective. Theophylline also interacts with several other drugs, such as erythromycin, cimetidine, and fluoroquinolones, and the plasma theophylline concentration varies with some diseases (heart failure, hepatic impairment, and in viral infections) and with other factors, such as smoking and alcohol consumption. Price noted that, in people with COPD at high risk of exacerbation, no benefit comes from the addition of low-dose theophylline, but a study in patients with frequent exacerbations who are being admitted to hospital might be warranted. Methods: 35 patients hospitalised with ECOPD and
The anti-inflammatory effects of theophylline have been previously described, and the proposed mechanisms of action vary from phosphodiesterase inhibition27to mediator inhibi- tion,28increased apoptosis29or inhibition of NF-kB.30These direct anti-inflammatory effects, however, occur at statistically significant higher concentrations of theophylline than those used in clinical practice (.20 mg/l).
This evidence stems from both in vivo and in vitro experiments. A lower dosage of Kamagra gold – 12 pill rather than for whole one vor delivers long-lasting results in the majority of males. Theophylline (dimethylxanthine) occurs naturally in tea and cocoa beans in trace amounts. Neither of these parameters was significantly changed by treatment with tulobuterol. At low doses theophylline has some minor influence on chronic airway inflammation in asthma.
By continuing you agree to the However, long-acting The study subjects consisted of 26 patients with COPD who were treated with theophylline or tulobuterol for 8 weeks with a wash-out period of 4 weeks in a randomized open-label crossover study. COPD Foundation. In patients with COPD, even high doses of inhaled corticosteroids can fail to suppress airway inflammation. Theophylline is the only oral agent among the essential drugs in asthma and COPD.
Furthermore, the reversal of the steroid resistance in COPD by theophylline may increase the responsiveness to corticoster- oids.
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By continuing to browse Bronchodilators open airways and prevent cough and shortness of breath. Get useful, helpful and relevant health + wellness informationExplore lung, breathing and allergy disorders, treatments, tests and prevention services provided by the Cleveland Clinic Respiratory Institute.
Several sustained-release preparations of theophylline and aminophylline that are absorbed at a constant rate provide steady plasma concentrations over a 12- to 24-hour period (Aminophylline may be given as a suppository, but rectal absorption is unreliable and proctitis may occur, so this route should be avoided.
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