The caveat of an apparent association being confounded by delirium symptoms pre-dating the administration of a benzodiazepine implies caution with these conclusions.There is low-quality evidence to suggest a small to moderate risk for nifedipine and moderate quality evidence to suggest a trend towards an association for antihistamine HThere is low-quality evidence to suggest no associated increased risk for digoxin. Essentials of clinical geriatrics. The magnitude of the risk appears to be small to moderate in size. Copyright © 1998 by the American Academy of Family Physicians.Copyright © 2020 American Academy of Family Physicians. 93-3520.Kane RL, Ouslander JG, Abrass IB. Large, well-designed, adequately powered prospective studies that investigate the risk of delirium with different classes of medication and include multivariate analyses that control for the important confounding variables of age, dementia and illness severity are required to address the uncertainties we have identified.Delirium is a common clinical problem and is associated with adverse health outcomes.Some medications can increase the risk of delirium, but it is unclear which ones should be avoided.This systematic review provides an evidence hierarchy to help identify which medications to avoid in people at risk of delirium.Opioids, benzodiazepines, dihydropyridines and antihistamines appear to be associated with increased risk of delirium.There is uncertainty regarding the risk of delirium that is associated with a number of commonly prescribed medications.Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.

St. Louis: Mosby, 1997:106–7.Folstein MF, Kumar A. However, those listed here are … In: Ham RJ, Sloane PD, eds. Galasko D, The diagnostic criteria for delirium are operationalised in the Diagnostic & Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM), volumes III, III-R and IV [A search strategy for MEDLINE was developed, with appropriate amendments for EMBASE, PsychInfo, Allied & Complementary Medicine, with literature searching to October 2009. Rudberg MA, Address correspondence to: Andrew Clegg.

The dosing schedule and side effect profile of tacrine may make it less attractive than donepezil. Search for other works by this author on: There appears to be a weak association between lorazepam and, less so, midazolam, for delirium in ICU.

Harris GJ, Darby A. Confusion, dementia and delirium. Braund V,

3d ed.

indomethacin (indocin) Of all nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, indomethacin affects the brain the most. Lewis RF, The diagnostic features of delirium, dementia and depression are listed in Disturbance in consciousness, with a reduced ability to focus, to sustain focus or to shift attentionChange in cognition or the development of a perceptual disturbance that is not better accounted for by preexisting, established or evolving dementiaDisturbance in consciousness that develops over a short period of time and fluctuates during the course of the dayEvidence from the history, physical examination or laboratory tests that the disturbance in consciousness is the direct physiologic consequence of a general medical condition, substance intoxication or withdrawal, medication or toxin exposure, or a combination of these factorsRapid, unpredictable shifts from one emotional state to anotherMemory impairment and at least one of the following:Impaired executive functioning (e.g., planning, organizing, abstracting)Significant impairment in social or occupational functioningSignificant decline from previous level of functioningDeficits that do not occur exclusively during the course of deliriumOccurrence of five or more of the following for at least two weeks (a change from prior function; one symptom must be either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure):Diminished ability to concentrate or make decisionsRecurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation, attempts or plansSymptoms not attributable to substance abuse or general medical conditionDisturbance in consciousness, with a reduced ability to focus, to sustain focus or to shift attentionChange in cognition or the development of a perceptual disturbance that is not better accounted for by preexisting, established or evolving dementiaDisturbance in consciousness that develops over a short period of time and fluctuates during the course of the dayEvidence from the history, physical examination or laboratory tests that the disturbance in consciousness is the direct physiologic consequence of a general medical condition, substance intoxication or withdrawal, medication or toxin exposure, or a combination of these factorsRapid, unpredictable shifts from one emotional state to anotherMemory impairment and at least one of the following:Impaired executive functioning (e.g., planning, organizing, abstracting)Significant impairment in social or occupational functioningSignificant decline from previous level of functioningDeficits that do not occur exclusively during the course of deliriumOccurrence of five or more of the following for at least two weeks (a change from prior function; one symptom must be either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure):Diminished ability to concentrate or make decisionsRecurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation, attempts or plansSymptoms not attributable to substance abuse or general medical conditionDelirium is a transient global disorder of cognition and consciousness.

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