- Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor Biography, https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/joseph-ii-holy-roman-emperor-6466.php, The Hottest Male Celebrities With The Best Abs, The Top 25 Wrestling Announcers Of All Time, Famous Role Models You Would Like To Meet, Celebrities Who Are Not In The Limelight Anymore. Joseph II reigning policies did not go too well with the public as the changes interfered with the age-old customs, causing unrest in the dominion. The Emperor’s impatience in turning the monks out of the monasteries, however, caused many works of art to be destroyed. On the legal front, Joseph II abolished death penalty and brutal punishment. Francis II (German: Franz II. But Joseph left Prussia out of his calculations. Joseph II (Joseph Benedikt Anton Michael Adam; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790. As such, towards the end of his rule, he failed to get his programmes implemented. Joseph began his career as a member of the constituted council of state. Joseph II, Haly Roman Emperor; Utilisation sur sk.wikipedia.org Zoznam panovníkov Uhorska; Jozef II. Joseph II (Joseph Benedikt Anton Michael Adam; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to … To obtain a personal view of the situation in eastern and western Europe, Joseph visited France, where he was enthusiastically received by the intellectual elite, and then also visited Catherine of Russia. Corrections? He recognized the Estates of his different dominions as "the pillars of the monarchy", pacified the Hungarians and Bohemians, and divided the insurgents in the Austrian Netherlands (now Belgium) by means of concessions. Besides, he upgraded the value of the land to impose a single and egalitarian tax on land. Her eventual death left him heartbroken and deeply inconsolable. He established a training college for priest and deprived clergymen of tithe. Following her death, he never married again. Rudolf II (18 July 1552 – 20 January 1612) was Holy Roman Emperor (1576–1612), King of Hungary and Croatia (as Rudolf I, 1572–1608), King of Bohemia (1575–1608/1611) and Archduke of Austria (1576–1608). The marriage lasted for a little more than two years. The conflict with the Roman Catholic Church only brought forth difficulties in Joseph II’s reign. Joseph aimed at building a centralized and uniform government that came under the supreme autocrat, i.e., himself. However, this policy met with revolt from both landowners and peasantry. When Maria Theresa appointed him to the Council of State, he exhibited unusual intelligence and an intense interest in politics. 13, 1741; d. there, Feb. 20, 1790. In a later treaty with Turkey, Joseph annexed Bukovina to his country. 13, 1741. Joseph II (Joseph Benedikt Anton Michael Adam; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790. During his decade-long reign, he aimed at making Habsburg the greatest monarchy of the European powers. Yet, despite careful preparations, the organization of this large army was weak. However, due to early birth, the baby died shortly after being born. Furthermore, he established a system in which all offenders were treated equally. In 1781, Joseph’s religious tolerance led to the establishment of the Patent of Tolerance according to which minority religions, such as Greeks, Protestants and Jews attained limited rights to worship freely. Leopold, during his government in Tuscany, had shown a speculative tendency to grant his subjects a constitution. Under Maria Theresa the physician Gerard van Swieten had organized a public health service, and in Joseph’s time the General Hospital in Vienna was considered one of the best equipped in Europe. He appointed best of scholars and scientists for the University of Vienna. Joseph II, during his reign, introduced in his dominion numerous policies that were fiercely opposed as the policies interfered with the age-old customs and beliefs. Unable to bear the sudden tragedy and down with ill health, Isabella died a week later. The other reforms that Joseph II quickly administered were secularization of the church lands and reduction of the religious order and clergy. Joseph I (Joseph Jacob Ignaz Johann Anton Eustachius; 26 July 1678 – 17 April 1711) was Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy from 1705 until his death in 1711. The monarchy’s finances were balanced. The threat of dissolution caused him to give up on some of his reforms. He was the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I, and was the brother of Marie Antoinette. Frederick took what was later West Prussia, Austria took Galicia, and Catherine took as much border territory as she thought necessary. Joseph spent several months with his army; but both his illness and the domestic crisis made progress dangerous, and he had to return to Vienna before a victory could be won. Joseph II was the Holy Roman Emperor of the Austrian Habsburg dominion from 1765 to 1790. The artistic life of Vienna rose to new heights when the Burgtheater became the German National Theater. As the eldest son of Emperor Francis I and maria theresa, he was carefully educated. Joseph’s first marriage in 1760 to the Bourbon princess Isabella of Parma, whom he loved passionately, ended in tragedy when she died of smallpox three years later. Maria Josefa was a daughter of the Bavarian elector Karl Albrecht and Archduchess Maria Amalie, a daughter of Emperor Joseph I. Future Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II became co-regent with his mother, Maria Theresa, in 1765, and sole ruler in 1780. Updates? Associate Professor of History, University of Salzburg, Austria. Choisissez parmi des contenus premium Joseph Ii Holy Roman Emperor de la plus haute qualité. 222 relations. To promote a sense of unity in the kingdom, he introduced German as the compulsory language of the state. Birthdate: He established national training colleges for priests and deprived the bishops of their authority and limited their communications with the Pope. When a civil war occurred in Poland under King Stanisław II Poniatowski, the lover of Catherine II the Great of Russia who was completely dependent on Russia, Joseph met with Poland’s third neighbour, King Frederick the Great of Prussia, to plan the partition of Poland, with each neighbour taking a part of the country and the remaining part to be given a last chance at independence. Author of. Joseph II was born on March 13, 1741, in Vienna, Austria, to Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, and his wife Maria Theresa of Austria. The power of the church was even more affected by the dissolution of more than 700 monasteries not engaged in such useful activities as teaching or hospital work. Media in category "Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor". Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Auteurs . Joseph II, during his reign, introduced in his dominion numerous policies that were fiercely opposed as the policies interfered with the age-old customs and beliefs. Joseph II (Joseph Benedikt Anton Michael Adam; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790. Immediately after becoming the Holy Roman Emperor, he took the government on a new course, but not before finishing the work of reform as started by his mother. Following his father’s death in 1765, Joseph was promoted to the rank of Holy Roman Emperor, and was known as Joseph II. (Svätá rímska ríša) Utilisation sur th.wikipedia.org ตราแผ่นดินของเยอรมนี; ดยุกแห่งบราบันต์; Utilisation … Following the death of his father, he served as a co-ruler with his mother, gaining sole reign only in 1780. In 1770, his only child, Maria Theresa, became severely ill with pleurisy. Previously, Leopold had been married to Infanta Margaret Theresa of Spain, who had given him four children, one of whom survived infancy. The threat of war ended without a battle being fought, for in 1785 Frederick had formed the Fürstenbund (Princes’ League) against Joseph to prevent the exchange. The two loved each other dearly. Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, was born Mar. Sovereign (1780-1790 : Joseph II) Holy Roman Empire. He was King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia. Although the first son and child born of his parents' marriage, he was his father's third son and seventh child. The Wittelsbach dynasty had been extinguished in Bavaria, and the heir, the count palatine Charles Joseph, was in favour of moving from Munich to Brussels. A proponent of enlightened absolutism, Joseph II is ranked as one of the three great enlightenment monarchs. In 1786 the Universal Code of Civil Law was issued. He was the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa and her husband, Emperor Francis I, and the brother of Marie Antoinette. He swore never to marry again. It was for his reforms that Joseph gained the reputation of an ‘enlightened despot’. Trouvez les Joseph Ii Holy Roman Emperor images et les photos d’actualités parfaites sur Getty Images. Emperor Joseph II by Joseph Hickel 1771.jpg 2,627 × 4,052; 9.34 MB Hauzinger - Joseph II as Grand Master of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary.jpg 407 × 644; 71 KB Agretti - Joseph II., Holy Roman Emperor, in his coronation robes.png 334 × 460; 326 KB Though Josepha loved her husband, he did not reciprocate the love and instead was cold and indifferent towards her. Finnish: Joosef, II, Hebrew: קיסר האימפריה הרומית יוזף השני, Kaiser des Heiligen Römischen Reiches Deutscher Nation. His foremost work as an Emperor was to consolidate an education system throughout the monarchy. He was the eldest child of his parents and had a younger sister Marie Antoinette and a brother Leopold II. Hungary. Joseph II (Joseph Benedikt Anton Michael Adam; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790. Unlike his mother, Joseph believed in religious toleration and was keen on restricting the power of church. When he succeeded to the Austrian lands, he began by making large concessions to the interests offended by his brother's innovations. The educational system had been consolidated throughout the monarchy. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. He assumed the title of Emperor of Austria in response to the coronation of Napoleon as Emperor of the French.Soon after Napoleon created the Confederation of the Rhine, Francis abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor. Joseph II, (born March 13, 1741, Vienna, Austria—died Feb. 20, 1790, Vienna), Holy Roman emperor (1765–90), at first coruler with his mother, Maria Theresa (1765–80), and then sole ruler (1780–90) of the Austrian Habsburg dominions. This was consecutively followed by yet another pregnancy in 1763. He is best known to the modern public as the enlightened ruler who commissioned Mozart’s The Abduction from the Seraglio in 1781, and who then complained to Mozart (if the film Amadeus (1984) be our guide) that there were “too many notes” (to which Mozart supposedly replied, “there are just as many as are required”). Jul 26, 2015 - Joseph II (Joseph Benedikt Anton Michael Adam; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790. http://skepticism.org/timeline/march-history/3326-jews-given-more-rights-in-hungary-by-emperor-joseph-ii.html, http://madhapsburgmonarchist.blogspot.in/2014/07/mm-mini-view-hapsburg-emperors-part-iii.html. Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, 1741-1790; Holy Roman Empire. His death was not mourned by public as he became a largely unpopular figure due to his radical reforms and choices. Joseph closed more than 700 monasteries and reduced the number of monks by 27000 from the previous 65000. The judiciary and the executive had already been separated at the top; Joseph extended this process to the lower administrative levels. Joseph II, (born March 13, 1741, Vienna, Austria—died Feb. 20, 1790, Vienna), Holy Roman emperor (1765–90), at first coruler with his mother, Maria Theresa (1765–80), and then sole ruler (1780–90) of the Austrian Habsburg dominions. Joseph II was the Holy Roman Emperor of the Austrian Habsburg dominion from 1765 to 1790. Emperor (1765-1790 : Joseph II). He was thus the first ruler in the Austrian dominions of the House of Lorraine, styled Habsburg-Lorraine. During his time in power, Joseph issued … The 36,000 monks forced to leave their orders were given an annuity or money to return home; those so returning could continue as secular priests. Frederick protested, and his troops marched into Bohemia. When these failed to restore order, he m… JOSEPH II, HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR Reigned 1765 to 1790; b. Vienna, Mar. Both the deaths left Joseph devastated. He abolished serfdom and granted freedom of the press. He was the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa and her husband, Emperor Francis I, and the brother of Marie Antoinette. Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche (1717-1780), héritière des États des Habsbourg.png 2,558 × 3,974; 15.73 MB. Maximilian II (31 July 1527 – 12 October 1576), a member of the Austrian House of Habsburg, was Holy Roman Emperor from 1564 until his death. Having no children of his own, he was succeeded by his brother Leopold II. Joseph II (German: Josef Benedikt Anton Michel Adam; English: Joseph Benedict Anthony Michael Adam; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from August 1765 and sole ruler of the Habsburg lands from November 1780 until his death. In 1760, Joseph married Princess Isabella of Parma. Revolutionary unrest in the Austrian Netherlands and Hungary grew in the belief that preoccupation with the war would prevent the Emperor from taking on the revolutionaries as well. After her death in 1780, Joseph tried to finish her work of reform. In terms of foreign policy, Joseph II was an expansionist leader. Daughter of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, and his first wife, Isabella of Parma. He assumed the title of Emperor of Austria in response to the coronation of Napoleon as Emperor of the French. His Russian visit gave him the impression of a state retarded in its development compared with the West, but the loyalty of its enormous population to Catherine and her nearly unlimited power seemed to make her the best ally for political manoeuvres in Europe. Soon after Napoleon created the Confederation of the Rhine, Francis abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor. At an early age he showed keen intelligence but also a changeable, imprudent character, lack of sympathy, and a pronounced tactlessness, especially with inferiors. Emperor (1765-1790 : Joseph II) Emperor of Germany Joseph 2; History Created April 1, 2008; 5 revisions; Download catalog record: RDF / JSON. On February 20, 1790, he breathed his last. The reorganization of the army secured Joseph’s position in Europe. This limited his ability to take decisions. The emancipation of the Jews within a short time endowed cultural life with new vitality. In 1765 he married Maria Josepha of Bavaria, who in 1767 also died of smallpox. He expanded elementary education making it compulsory for all children. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Immediately after the birth of Maria Theresa, Isabella conceived twice but both resulted in miscarriage. He was the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I. Both publicly and secretly Catherine proposed a complete sharing of power in the east and southeast. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-II, The Classical Music Pages - Biography of Joseph II, Military History Encyclopedia on the Web - Biography of Joseph II. He was buried at tomb number 42 in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna. For the University of Vienna, no longer under the influence of the church, Joseph tried to find the best scholars and scientists. His religious reform met with unpopularity by the public, as they condemned modernization. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Josepha died due to smallpox. However, the major power remained with his mother who exerted sovereign control over the dominions. ; 12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor from 1792 to 1806 and, as Francis I, the first Emperor of Austria from 1804 to 1835. Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, the nocturnal North-eastern quadrant, consisting of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd houses, prevails in your chart: this sector favours self-assertion and material security to the detriment of your perception of others. Following the death of his father, he served as a co-ruler with his mother, gaining sole reign only in 1780. In foreign policy, Joseph had obtained some success even as co-regent with his mother. Joseph II’s health declined progressively towards the end of 1780s. The banquets given in his honour in Paris could not conceal the truth from him: France was headed for catastrophe. Earning more enemies than friends during his reign led him to die all alone as neither his ministers nor his brother visited him on his death bed. After his father died, in 1765, he became emperor, but Maria Theresa made all the important decisions. An enlightened despot, Joseph II is best remembered for his Josephinism, which was a collection of reforms that he introduced during his sole reign between 1780 and 1790. He served as his mother’s co-regent and took to handling military and foreign affairs. He also aimed at relieving the peasants of feudal burden and remove restriction on trade and education. In Hungary topographical surveys and the replacing of Latin by German as the official legal language drove the Hungarian gentry into opposition, and in the Austrian Netherlands immigrants who had fled from Holland opened hostilities against the occupation forces, and finally the country declared its independence. He was the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I, and was the brother of Marie Antoinette. Joseph gained his education through the writings of Voltaire and the Encyclopédistes. He aimed at acquiring Bavaria but the same was opposed by the King of Prussia. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The following 33 files are in this category, out of 33 total. Contradictorily, he supported increase of bishoprics, parishes, and secular clergy. When Catherine declared war on Turkey sooner than expected, Joseph raised an army of 250,000 men. There was restlessness in other parts of the dominion due to his war with the Ottomans. He reduced the number of holy days and changed the pattern in which the Mass was celebrated. He established a uniform system in managing state expenditure and revenue by accumulating all the state revenues, expenses and debts of the territories of the Austria crown within a uniform system. You consider self-transformation to be a hazardous adventure. Following the death of his father, he served as a co-ruler with his mother, gaining sole reign only in 1780. Joseph II (Joseph Benedikt Anton Michael Adam; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Hapsburg lands from 1780 to 1790. By 1790, rebellion broke out in Belgium and Hungary against Joseph II’s reforms. Despite the criticism and opposition, Joseph’s policies, popularly known as Josephinism, aimed at equating the society on all grounds – religion, education, administration and law. Joseph II_ Holy Roman Emperor Enlever; Affiner la recherche. Spouse/Ex-: Maria Josepha of Bavaria, Princess Isabella of Parma, siblings: Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria, Archduke Maximilian Francis of Austria, Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold II, Maria Carolina of Austria, Marie Antoinette, children: Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, Founder/Co-Founder: Budapest University of Technology and Economics, See the events in life of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor in Chronological Order. By transferring the management of the theatres to the actors, Joseph introduced an artistically fruitful concept. Though he was in bad health, he decided to visit her again; the Austrian Netherlanders and Hungarians, enraged at his reforms, resisted the move. Wikipedia Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor primary name: Joseph other name: (Emperor) Joseph II other name: (King of the) Romans Spanning over administrative, legal, economic and ecclesiastical field, the reforms though unprejudiced and liberal in structure, did not go too well with the citizens and were met with significant opposition. Maria Theresa's parents, Crown Prince Joseph (future Holy Roman Emperor) and Princess Isabella of Parma were married in Vienna on 16 October 1760. Joseph II Benedikt August Johannes Anton Michael Adam von Habsburg Lothringen, Kaiser des Heiligen Römischen Reiches Deutscher Nation. Armogathe, Jean-Robert (2) De Franceschi, Sylvio (2) Hours, Bernard (2) Basdevant-Gaudemet, Brigitte (1) Beauvalet, Scarlett (1) Bennassar, Bartolomé (1) Bertrand, Régis (1) Bischof, Franz Xaver (1) Bragagnolo, Manuela (1) Broggio, Paolo (1) Bruneel, Claude (1) The recruitment of the government officials was based on their fervent spirit of service to country and countrymen and their promotion being guaranteed only by merit. Some measures intended to forestall a relapse into monasticism, such as the foundation of new parishes, bore good results. Joseph, the eldest son of Maria Theresa and Francis Stephen of Lorraine (the future emperor Francis I), was strictly and thoroughly educated. The Emperor hoped for more success with his unusual plan of exchanging the Austrian Netherlands for Bavaria. Joseph’s passionate zeal to change everything and to force a new form of life on his subjects met with embittered resistance, chiefly in such strongly traditional countries as the Austrian Netherlands and Hungary. At the climax of the crisis, Pope Pius VI visited the Emperor in Vienna, but the visit changed nothing; nor did a later journey by Joseph to Rome. He ordered the abolition of serfdom; by the Edict of Toleration he established religious equality before the law, and he granted freedom of the press. He limited the power of the Catholic Church. Inflicted with smallpox, Isabella gave birth to a premature daughter after six months of pregnancy. Under Josephinism, he planned to change the face and structure of administration, law, education, economic and ecclesiasticism of the Habsburg dominion. Deeply disappointed, Joseph now saw his only hope in Catherine. However, his reforms met with measured success and instead were fiercely opposed by the government officials, catholic priests and the public AT large. An “enlightened despot,” he sought to introduce administrative, legal, economic, and ecclesiastical reforms—with only measured success. PEAKE (1874) p450 Joseph II..jpg 597 × 1,014; 314 KB. Joseph’s second marriage, to Maria Josefa of Bavaria (1739–1767), which he entered into at the insistence of his mother in 1765 after he had become Holy Roman Emperor, was an unmitigated disaster. For the underprivileged, he created scholarship programs that gave poor students equal opportunity for learning. The couple was blessed with a daughter, Maria Theresa. Omissions? Joseph’s conflict with the Roman Catholic Church, however, posed more difficult problems. In 1765, due to political pressure, he had to marry his second cousin, Princess Maria Josephs of Bavaria. Born in Vienna, he was educated strictly by Prince Dietrich Otto von Salm and became a good linguist. Furthermore, he deprived bishops of their powers. Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II - 1765-1790. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Right from religious issues to administrative policies and legal reforms, the nobility and the people were enraged by his egalitarian and despotic attitude. He was the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I, and was the brother of Marie Antoinette. He was also trained by government officials on the working of different state administrations of the Austrian dominions and the Holy Roman Empire. His inability to make decisions necessarily limited his ambition. Joseph II was the Holy Roman Emperor of the Austrian Habsburg dominion from 1765 to 1790. Joseph signed an alliance giving her a free hand for her far-reaching plans and the conquest of Constantinople and the Dardanelles and assuring Austria of substantial territorial gains. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Joseph II (Joseph Benedikt Anton Michael Adam; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to his death. After his mother’s death, Joseph had involved himself fruitlessly in 1784 in an attempt to force the Dutch to lift their blockade to secure a passage to the sea for the Austrian Netherlands. He was the eldest son of Emperor Leopold I from his third wife, Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg. His mother’s death in 1780 made Joseph II the sole ruler of the Habsburg Lands. 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