Louis-Joseph, duc de Vendôme, detail from an engraving by Nicolas Bonnart I. Marlborough’s victory also had the effect of paralyzing the French forces on the Rhine, for troops were transferred from that quiet sector to reinforce the shattered French forces in the Netherlands. Prince Louis was forced to withdraw across the Rhine, where he was defeated by a French army under Claude-Louis-Hector de Villars at Friedlingen. He was a first cousin of the King of Spain, his mother having been another sister of Philip IV; moreover, Charles II's father, Philip IV, had given the succession to the Austrian line in his will. In the Netherlands Marlborough achieved his final success against the French, breaking Villars’ defensive lines (July–August 1711), which extended from the coast to Valenciennes. In 1706 Tesse besieged Barcelona, but he was compelled to withdraw in May when an English fleet forced the French ships supporting Tesse to retire to Toulon. In the same month, however, Louis of Baden retreated eastward across the Rhine, and the Dutch rejected Marlborough’s ambitious scheme. War of the Spanish Succession. It was at this point that Marlborough showed his genius for appreciating the strategy of the war as a whole and his consummate skill in moving troops with unexpected speed and complete secrecy. The War of the Polish Succession (Polish: Wojna o sukcesję polską; 1733–35) was a major European conflict sparked by a Polish civil war over the succession to Augustus II of Poland, which the other European powers widened in pursuit of their own national interests. Nowadays this date is remembered as the National Day of Catalonia. This left Galway with only 15,000 men, who were decisively defeated by a Franco-Spanish force commanded by James Fitzjames, duke of Berwick-upon-Tweed, at the Battle of Almansa (April 25, 1707). Following the Battle of Blenheim, Marlborough and Eugene separated again, with the former going to the Low Countries, and the latter to Italy. The weakness of France was clearly shown in the peace terms that Louis XIV was now prepared to consider. A few days after the signing of the treaty, the former King of England, James II (who had been deposed by William III in 1688) died in France. Rejecting the offer, Louis chose to continue fighting until the bitter end. The War of the Spanish Succession, 1701–1714 (also known as Queen Anne's War), was a general European war that spread around the globe to include the colonies of the major powers — including French and English colonies in North America. 10mm War of Spanish Succession; 28mm ACW Miniatures; 28mm Post Apocalypse; Electronic Magazines; WofUN Plexiglass Figures; Popular Brands. The Bourbon claim was similarly dubious, being based on a disregard for the acts of renunciation made by the French queens. The stalemate was broken in 1706, as Marlborough drove the French out of most of the Spanish Netherlands, decisively defeating troops under Villeroi in the Battle of Ramillies in May and following up with the conquest of Antwerp and Dunkirk. United after 1688 under the personal rule of William III, they were strongly opposed to the Bourbon claim, fearing not only the aggrandizement of French power but also the loss of their well-established trade with Spain and the West Indies. French victories in south Germany continued after Villars' resignation, however, with a new army under Camille de Tallard victorious in the Palatinate. The Spanish Succession was a major crisis in European politics. Instead of pushing down the Danube and striking directly at Vienna, the elector decided first to establish control of Tirol so as to safeguard his communications with Milan. The War of the Spanish Succession, which occurred between 1701 and 1714, was fought over who would succeed the childless King Charles II to the throne of Spain. Marlborough might have been able to broker a deal, but by 1710 his own personal position had been undermined by political events in England, and he was not strong enough to overrule his allies. As Louis XIV began to expand his territories more aggressively, however, other European nations (chiefly England and the Dutch Republic) entered on the Holy Roman Empire's side to check French expansion (and, in the English case, to safeguard the Protestant succession). The death of Joseph I dramatically improved the prospects of the fifth round peace negotiations, which had begun at the end of 1710, when communications were established between the governments of France and England. Louis XIV, becoming convinced that a Bourbon success would result in a general European coalition against him, and to avoid the Spanish possessions passing to a Habsburg, in October 1698 agreed with William III in a Partition Treaty (signed at The Hague) to recognize Joseph Ferdinand’s rights to Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the Indies. The Dauphin, being next in the French line of succession as well, was a problematic choice: Had he inherited both the French and the Spanish realms, he would have control of a vast empire that would have threatened the European balance of power. Marlborough’s success directly aided Eugene’s 1706 campaign in Italy, because, after the Battle of Ramillies, Vendôme was recalled from Italy to replace the discredited Villeroi. Marlborough—ignoring the wishes of the Dutch, who preferred to keep their troops in the Low Countries—led the English and Dutch forces southward to Germany; Eugene, meanwhile, moved northward from Italy with the Austrian army. The ultimate outcome was the erosion French and Spanish power in favour of an ascendant Britain and its growing colonial empire. When the Battle of Malplaquet was eventually fought on September 11, 1709, Marlborough achieved a victory, but it was at the cost of 22,000 casualties on his side compared with about 12,000 French. Thus, the issue of the inheritance of the Spanish kingdoms—which included not only Spain, but also dominions in Italy, the Low Countries, and the Americas—became quite contentious. Louis agreed to surrender Spain and all its territories to the allies, requesting only that he be allowed to keep Naples (in Italy). In October Mons fell, but the campaign had been disastrously costly to the Maritime Powers and the empire. In September Villars withdrew in good order to the west of the Rhine after some of his troops had been diverted to the Provence front. Updates? Instead, Eugene began his march from Italy to join Marlborough in the Spanish Netherlands. Marlborough outmaneuvered him and reached the lines first, but the Dutch refused to allow him to attack, being satisfied that Marlborough had forced Boufflers to abandon his threat to the United Provinces. The emperor, whose approval of the First Partition Treaty had been sought in vain, now also declined to accede to the second, hoping to win the whole succession for the archduke Charles. A new candidate for the Spanish throne, the Electoral Prince Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria, had been born in 1692. By the end of the year 1703, however, France had suffered setbacks for Portugal and Savoy had defected to the other side. During the early modern era, European countries were almost constantly at war, vying for land, resources, power, and wealth. Therefore, he pretended that he was going to turn the Villeroi’s flank with a move up the Moselle. On the Rhine the imperial forces were weakened by the death (January 1707) of Louis of Baden, whose successor in command, Margrave Charles Ernest of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, proved considerably less able. The Danube River basin and its drainage network. Marlborough: War of the Spanish Succession ("Marby," for short), is a wargame of intermediate-to-high complexity, designed by Joseph Miranda, simulating that critical conflict of the early 18th century. The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) was fought between European powers, including a divided Spain, over who had the right to succeed Charles II as King of Spain. In 1705, little progress was made by either France or the allies in any theater. He had reigned over a vast global empire and the question of who would succeed him had long troubled ministers in capitals throughout Europe. As in 1706, they were again forced to evacuate the capital, and on their retreat eastward they were defeated at Brihuega (December 8–9) and at Villaviciosa (December 10). Villars was in favour of making a dash for Vienna, but the elector of Bavaria refused. Leopold I, however, had persuaded Maria Antonia to bestow her right to her mother’s succession on him, and on the sons of his third marriage, with Eleonore of Palatinate-Neuburg. As a consequence, France's hegemony over continental Europe was ended, and the idea of a balance of power became a part of the international order due to its mention in the Treaty of Utrecht. With the Peace of Utrecht, the wars to prevent French hegemony that had dominated the seventeenth century were over for the time being. Charles II — disfigured and mentally challenged — ascended the throne at the wee age of 4, the last of the Spanish Hapsburgs. He achieved little on land, and Rooke, who had been ordered to sail from Lisbon into the Mediterranean and join the duke of Savoy in an attack on Toulon, found Savoy unable to spare troops for his enterprise. Others. Instead, England provided subsidies that enabled the emperor to buy 24,000 troops from German princes. Villars advanced against his opponents and met them at Malplaquet, southwest of Mons. The treaties that ended the war marked the rise … The War of Spanish Succession By Sharon Fabian Caption: Battle of Vigo Bay (Spain), the English and Dutch destroyed a Spanish treasure fleet, October 23, 1702 The War of Spanish Succession was a conflict that involved many of the countries of Europe. Galway led another attempt on Madrid in 1707, but Berwick roundly defeated him at the Battle of Almansa on April 25. A third French force, under Villeroi, was in the Netherlands, holding Marlborough. Louis XIV went so far as to offer a subsidy to pay troops to drive Philip out of Spain, but the Maritime Powers insisted on his using French troops to do this. Kingdom of Portugal, He reluctantly recognized Philip as king in April 1701. He was, moreover, prepared to furnish money to help expel Philip V from Spain. Louis XIV gave up his attempt to control northern Italy and withdrew all his troops from that theatre. When the new commander tried to take the offensive, he was sharply defeated by Eugene’s forces at Chiari (September 1). The most … This treaty remained a dead letter since Charles II, though not siring an heir, survived the next three decades and only finally weakened during the 1690s. It is a curious fact that the fate of Spain was decided principally by campaigns in the Low Countries or on the Danube, with very little regard to what was actually happening on the Iberian Peninsula. On the Spanish front in 1710, Starhemberg won some successes at Almenara in July and at Saragossa in August, and imperial troops were able to occupy Madrid for a second time in September. King Louis XIV of France proclaiming Philip, duc d'Anjou, to be king of Spain in 1700, chromolithograph, 19th century. In spite of French successes in Italy, where Vendôme in April 1706 drove the imperial army back into Tirol, Marlborough still had plans for joining forces with Eugene, expelling the French from northern Italy, and threatening Toulon. Armies of the 18th century, before the days of national conscription, were too difficult to replace for generals to be eager to risk heavy casualties if these could be avoided. His clossest heirs, both by marriage, … Claude-Louis-Hector (later duc) de Villars, who had replaced Catinat, followed the retreating imperial army, crossed the Rhine at Hünningen, and defeated the imperial forces at Friedlingen (October 14, 1702). Now that France had been expelled from Germany, the Low Countries and Italy, Spain became the center of activity in the next few years. The validity of this bestowal, upon which the immediate Habsburg claims to the succession were based, was dubious. Victor Amadeus II, detail of a lithograph. Marlborough knew that he would never be able to gain the consent of the Dutch for a move to relieve Vienna from the French and Bavarian threat if this seemed to leave Holland unprotected. After the defeat at Almansa, the help that Eugene expected from Spain was not forthcoming, and instead French troops returning victoriously were able to reinforce Tesse at Toulon. Antwerp, Ghent, Bruges, and Oudenaarde all capitulated, and in July the fall of Ostend improved Marlborough’s line of communications with England. Furthermore, the terms of Charles' will stipulated that Anjou was only to be offered the choice of the whole Spanish Empire or nothing; if he refused, the entire inheritance was to go to Philip's younger brother Charles, duke of Berry, or to Archduke Charles of Austria if the duke of Berry refused. France and Spain had the support of two reluctant allies, Portugal and Savoy, which feared to oppose the Bourbons, whose forces controlled Spain and the Spanish possessions in northern Italy. In Spain, distaste for the treaty was even greater; the courtiers were unified in opposing partition, but were divided on whether the throne should go to a Habsburg or a Bourbon. The British, led by Secretary of State Henry St John, began to secretly correspond with the Marquis de Torcy, excluding the Dutch and Austrians from their negotiations. The emperor was already short of troops because many minor German princes were reluctant to supply troops to him when they might be needed for their own defense. In September 1708 the English captured the island of Minorca, but in Spain itself, even after the arrival of the German forces, the Bourbons were able to take Dénia (November 1708) and Alicante (April 1709). The English admiral Sir George Rooke also won an important naval battle, the Battle of Vigo Bay, which resulted in the complete destruction of the Spanish treasure fleet and in the capture of tons of silver. As a result, Eugene, who had marched from Stollhofen along the north bank of the Danube, was able to reach Hochstadt and join forces with Marlborough on the same day that Tallart joined the elector. Next year, although Marlborough captured Bonn and drove the Elector of Cologne into exile, he failed in his efforts to capture Antwerp, and the French were successful in Germany. Marlborough and Eugene attacked the enemy at the Battle of Blenheim on August 13, 1704, and achieved a victory that shattered the reputation of the French army and compelled the French to withdraw to the west of the Rhine. Marlborough, therefore, transferred his attention to the Netherlands, where he succeeded in piercing the French lines at Tirlemont (July 18). If he refused the will and stood by the Second Partition Treaty, the inheritance (by the terms of the will) would pass to the Habsburgs, and France would have to fight for those possessions promised by the treaty. This victory decided the issue in northern Italy. Moreover, the death of the emperor Leopold I in May 1705 had the effect of deflecting imperial forces to cover the election of the new emperor (Joseph I) at Frankfurt. France gave up various North American colonial possessions, recognizing British sovereignty over Rupert's Land and Newfoundland, and ceding Acadia and its half of Saint Kitts. The alliance, in the meantime, began to weaken. Henry St. John, viscount Bolingbroke, oil on canvas by an unknown French artist, c. 1712–14; in the National Portrait Gallery, London. A siege of Gibraltar by Bourbon forces was relieved in March 1705. At the beginning of July 1708, Vendôme had managed to recover Bruges and Ghent, thus asserting French control over most of the Spanish possessions in West Flanders. Villars managed to take the lines of Stollhofen in May and was able to raid the whole of Swabia until the margrave of Bayreuth was superseded by George, elector of Hanover (later George I, king of Great Britain). The imperial forces under Louis of Baden had offered no resistance but had remained to the north in the lines of Stollhofen, on the Rhine, watched by a French force under the comte de Tallart. The campaigning season ended with imperial forces in command of most of the duchy of Mantua. The War of the Spanish Succession possessed the complexity of any major war fought between two groups of allies whose interests and ambitions were sometimes in sharp conflict. They also earned the British Army an enduring reputation for courage and discipline on the … Marlborough pursued the French with such vigour that they were unable to reform on the line of the Lys River and had to withdraw still farther to Courtrai. Other points of interest are the relative importance of the various allies in determining the outcome of the war, the number of times that military operations were interrupted by attempts at peace negotiations, and the extent to which the final outcome of the war was decided not by victories in the field but by political developments in the capitals of the combatants. Thereafter, the war in Spain settled into indecisive skirmishing from which it would not subsequently emerge. Crown of Aragon, When the Treaty of Ryswick (Rijswijk) brought an end to the Nine Years' War (1688–97), European statesmen turned their attention to solve the problem of the Spanish Succession before the death of Charles II should actually take place. Marlborough and Villeroi maneuvered indecisively in the Netherlands, and the story was much the same for Villars and Louis of Baden on the Rhine, and Vendôme and Eugene in Italy. So decisive were the reverses experienced by France and its allies in 1706 that in August Louis XIV made an approach to the Dutch for peace. As a result, Philip V remained King of Spain but was removed from the French line of succession, thereby averting a union of France and Spain. Although the allies defeated the French, they lost over twenty thousand men, compared with only ten thousand for their opponents. Thus, when the Partition Treaty became known in 1698, Charles II of Spain agreed to name the Bavarian Prince his heir, but assigned to him the whole Spanish Empire, not just the parts England and France had chosen. When the French envoys, Antoine Louis Rouille and Jean-Baptiste Colbert, marquis de Torcy, again approached the Dutch (March 1709) at The Hague. The emperor had the support of the United Provinces and England by the Treaty of The Hague (September 1701), as well as Frederick I of Prussia and a great many minor German princes. It led to the War of the Spanish Succession which lasted from 1701 till 1714. On the Rhine in September Tallart took Breisach and in November defeated the comte de Thüngen at Speyerbach and recaptured Landau. The situation facing the emperor was very grave, but the elector of Bavaria lacked Marlborough’s initiative. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article As Joseph Ferdinand was neither a Bourbon nor a Habsburg, the likelihood of Spain merging with either France or Austria remained low. England and France, exhausted by the conflict, agreed to the Treaty of Den Haag (1698), (the First Partition Treaty), which named Joseph Ferdinand heir to the Spanish throne, but divided Spanish territory in Italy and the Low Countries between France and Austria. More decisive for the outcome of the war than victories or defeats in any of the fields of battle were the political developments that were taking place in England. The accession of Portugal to the side of the empire and Maritime Powers meant that it was now much easier to launch an invasion of Spain itself, and in February the archduke Charles was escorted to Portugal by an English squadron under Rooke to attempt the conquest of Spain. In 1709, the allies attempted three invasions of France, but two were so minor as to be merely diversionary. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. In Italy Eugene pushed the French from the Oglio River as far west as the Adda River, thus relieving some of the pressure on Savoy, where Turin was under siege by the French. The agreement, reached on September 7, 1701, recognised Philip V as King of Spain, but allotted Austria that which it desired most: The Spanish territories in Italy, forcing it to accept as well the Spanish Netherlands, thus protecting that crucial region from French control. French leaders entertained grand designs, intending to use a combined French and Bavarian army to capture the Austrian capital the next year. The emperor, however, was vehemently opposed to any partition of the Spanish empire, and the duke of Savoy rejected any plan that would allow Sicily to pass to Philip, as he viewed any increase in Philip’s territories in the Mediterranean as a menace to himself. The pro-French statesmen, however, were in the majority, and in October 1700, Charles II agreed to bequeath all of his territory to the Dauphin's second son, the duc d'Anjou. England and the Netherlands, meanwhile, were to retain their commercial rights in Spain. The Dutch were permitted to retain various forts in the Spanish Netherlands, and were permitted to annex a part of Spanish Guelders. Peace negotiations (March–July 1710) were held at Geertruidenberg in the United Provinces between representatives of Louis XIV and the Dutch. The war was fought not only in Europe, but also in North America, where the conflict became known to the English colonists as Queen Anne's War. When Charles II died on November 1, 1700, Louis XIV was confronted with a dilemma, If he accepted the will, he was faced with the prospect of war with Leopold I, who might have the support of the Maritime Powers. The War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) was a major European conflict that arose in 1701 after the death of the last Spanish Habsburg king, Charles II. The war lasted over a decade, and was marked by the military leadership of notable generals such as the Duc de Villars and the Duke of Berwick for France, the Duke of Marlborough for England, and Prince Eugene of Savoy for the Austrians. Eugene maintained the initiative and forced the French to retreat westward behind the Mincio River. One very interesting fact that emerges in the study of the conflict is how often John Churchill, 1st duke of Marlborough, favoured a strategy that was much more forceful and “Napoleonic” than was usual in the early 18th century, and it is clear that his bold plans were sometimes too unorthodox for his imperial ally, Prince Eugene of Savoy. Spain was indignant at this partition treaty, and in November 1698 Charles II created a will naming Joseph Ferdinand heir to the whole inheritance. Bourgogne's insistence that the French army not attack led Marlborough once again to unite his army with Eugene's, allowing the allied army to crush the French at the Battle of Oudenarde, and then proceeded to capture Lille. There was always a fear that if the Dutch controlled the Spanish Netherlands they might exclude British merchants, and the heavy taxation necessary to finance the war had grown increasingly unpopular. 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