Cultures of the removed wire revealed bacterial growth in 1 and 2 animals in the rifampin and linezolid-plus-rifampin groups, respectively, with no growth in the vancomycin-plus-rifampin group and growth from all wires in the untreated group. 3. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com The search algorithm was ‘staphylococcus AND {osteomyelitis OR arthritis OR [(bone OR joint OR orthopedic OR implant) AND infection]} AND names or classes of antibiotics used in the treatment of staphylococcal infections’. By searching the reference lists of the retrieved articles, we also identified relevant articles published in other languages and included them if appropriate. Location of Repository 4. Long-acting tetracyclines such as doxycycline and minocycline have good oral bioavailability and tissue penetration, and better antistaphylococcal activity than tetracycline.β-Lactams, which inhibit cell wall synthesis, are inactive against biofilm-associated staphylococci, but are active when combined with rifampicin.Oral antibiotic therapy with β-lactams has been successful against childhood bone and joint infections,Only limited studies are available on the use of oral β-lactams against bone and joint infections in adults as opposed to children.Combination therapy with rifampicin is most promising for the treatment of osteomyelitis and prosthetic device-related infections caused by staphylococci, but more definitive data are needed.Summary of clinical studies of rifampicin-containing combination therapy for staphylococcal bone and joint infectionsbid, twice daily; CoNS, coagulase-negative staphylococci; iv, intravenously; MRCoNS, methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci; MRSE, methicillin-resistant Summary of clinical studies of rifampicin-containing combination therapy for staphylococcal bone and joint infectionsbid, twice daily; CoNS, coagulase-negative staphylococci; iv, intravenously; MRCoNS, methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci; MRSE, methicillin-resistant Although combinations of rifampicin and a fluoroquinolone yielded a variety of results against staphylococci In particular, the rifampicin/ciprofloxacin combination is the only regimen whose efficacy has been proven for staphylococcal bone and joint infections associated with stable orthopaedic devices in a randomized comparative trial.Rifampicin combinations with newer fluoroquinolones, such as levofloxacin, moxifloxacin or gemifloxacin, have been studied more often than combinations with older fluoroquinolones in bone and joint infections.The efficacy of rifampicin/fusidic acid was equivalent to that of rifampicin/ofloxacin in a prospective trial of staphylococcal implant-associated infections.In a rat model of staphylococcal foreign body-associated infection, rifampicin/linezolid had a protective effect against the development of rifampicin resistance.Rifampicin/linezolid was less frequently associated with anaemia than linezolid alone or rifampicin in combination with other drugs (9.3% versus 44.0% versus 52.0%, respectively; Rifampicin/trimethoprim has been shown to prevent the emergence of resistance to rifampicin or to trimethoprim, which is often seen in monotherapy with either agent.Rifampicin/trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is recommended as an initial antibiotic regimen for acute and non-complicated osteoarticular infections in infants and children in a French guideline.Rifampicin/clindamycin was more effective than either agent alone in reducing the bacterial counts in bone in experimental staphylococcal osteomyelitis.In a rabbit model of orthopaedic device-related infections due to In animal models of staphylococcal osteomyelitis, rifampicin/azithromycin or rifampicin/clarithromycin resulted in reductions of bacterial counts in bone similar to those seen with rifampicin/clindamycin and rifampicin/nafcillin.The type of infection, the presence of an implant and the treatment strategy should be considered when selecting antibiotics to treat bone and joint infections. Early therapeutic monitoring of β-lactams and associated therapy outcomes in critically ill patients Evaluate medical literature investigating treatment modalities of osteomyelitis and comparing oral antibiotics to traditional regimens.

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